Welcome To Goat Central™

Established June, 2000

Roy & Julie Austin   El Dorado, CA  530-621-2920

Our Mission

Providing a green alternative method to reducing the

unwanted vegetation for property owners all over

El Dorado County and California while breeding top quality kiko goats

email-kiko@goatcentral.com

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This Website, like the Ranch, is ALWAYS under construction!

Goat Central Kikos are

Mother Nature approved!

Agriculture makes everything else possible!

Biosecurity is so important, not only for your animals, but for yourself.

From the Merk Veterinary Manual

	Disease Causative Organism Principal Animals Involved Known Distribution Probable Means of Spread to Man BACTERIAL DISEASES Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, wild herbivorous animals Worldwide; common in Africa, Asia, South America, eastern Europe Occupational exposure; foodborne in Africa, Russia, and Asia; occasionally wounds or insect bites; rarely airborne Borreliosis Borrelia spp Rodents Worldwide Soft ticks ( Ornithodoros spp ) Lyme disease B burgdorferi Deer, wild rodents Worldwide Hard ticks ( Ixodes spp ) Relapsing fever B recurrentis Louseborne or epidemic No animal reservoir for the transmitting lice Epidemic Crushing infected lice   Tickborne or endemic Wild rodents Epidemic Tick bites Brucellosis Brucella abortus Cattle, bison, elk, caribou Worldwide, except North America Occupational and recreational exposure   B melitensis   Goats, sheep   Worldwide   Milk, cheese, contact     B suis Swine, caribou   Northern hemisphere   Rarely airborne   B canis Dogs, coyotes Rare   Capnocytophaga infection Capnocytophaga canimorsus , C cynodegmi Dogs, cats USA Bites or scratches Campylobacter enteritis Campylobacter jejuni Domestic animals, dogs, cats, poultry, wild birds Worldwide Mainly foodborne, milk, waterborne; occupational; exposure to infected dogs and cats   C coli Nonhuman primates, laboratory animals, domestic pigs Common   Cat scratch disease Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae , B quintana Cats Worldwide Scratches, bites, “licks” Clostridial diseases (See also tetanus, below.) Clostridium perfringens , type A Domestic animals Worldwide Foodborne; occasionally wound contaminant   C septicum , C novyi Domestic and wild animals Worldwide Wound infection Coliform diseases Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections (Enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, and enteroaggressive strains are not considered zoonotic.) Escherichia coli 0157:H7; also implicated are types 026:H11, 0111:H8, 0104:H21, and 048:H21 Cattle, man North and South America, Europe, South Africa, Japan, Australia Ingestion of undercooked ground beef, or foods or water contaminated with bovine feces Erysipeloid Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Swine, turkeys, pigeons, sea mammals, fish Worldwide Occupational and recreational exposure Glanders Pseudomonas mallei Equids Rare except for some regions in Asia Occupational exposure Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans (200 serovars) in 23 serogroups Domestic and wild animals, common in rodents, dogs Worldwide Occupational and recreational exposure; water- and foodborne Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Armadillos Southern Texas and Louisiana Transmission of animal leprosy to man suspected Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes types 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b Numerous animals, birds Worldwide Foodborne among domestic animals by ensilage and hay; raw contaminated milk, cheese, mud, water, and vegetables are infectious; nosocomial infection in hospitals and institutions Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders) Pseudomonas pseudomallei Rodents, sheep, goats, horses, swine, nonhuman primates, kangaroos, zoo animals Asia, Africa, Australia, South America, USA; rare Wound infection and ingestion; organisms live in soil and surface water Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex Many species of animals, some birds Worldwide Rare; reported in AIDS patients   Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis   Cattle, other ruminants Worldwide     Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Cattle, occasionally sheep and other ruminants Worldwide Being investigated as cause of Crohn's disease; ingestion exposure Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida and other species Many species of animals, birds Worldwide Wounds, scratches, bites Plague Yersinia pestis Rodents, cats, rabbits, squirrels, related animals Foci in Western USA, South America, Asia, Africa; rare Fleas, aerosols, handling infected animals Psittacosis and Ornithosis Chlamydia psittaci Parakeets, pigeons, parrots, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc; other isolates in cattle, sheep, goats, opossums, etc, rarely cause disease in man Worldwide; common Exposure to aerosols Rat bite fever Streptobacillus moniliformis Rodents Worldwide; rare Bites of rodents; water- or foodborne   Spirillum minus   Asia   Salmonellosis Salmonella spp (2000 serotypes, 200 seen in the USA) Poultry, swine, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, wild mammals and birds, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans Worldwide; common Foodborne infection, especially in the elderly, infants, or immunosuppressed; occupational and recreational exposure Streptococcal infections Streptococcus pyogenes , other group A streptococci, uncommonly groups B-G Cattle ( S agalactiae ), swine ( S suis ), horses ( S equi ), occasionally other animals Worldwide Ingestion especially of raw milk; direct contact Tetanus Clostridium tetani Principally herbivores, but all animals may be carriers Worldwide Wound infection and injections Tuberculosis (See also mycobacteriosis, above.) Mycobacterium bovis Cattle, rarely other animals Worldwide; rare in USA, Canada, Europe Ingestion, inhalation, occupational exposure   M tuberculosis Monkeys, other nonhuman primates, rarely dogs, cats, and other domestic animals Worldwide Exposure to animals infected with human type tuberculosis Tularemia Francisella tularensis Type A virulent, type B less virulent Wild animals, rabbits, rodents, cats, sheep Circumpolar in America, Europe, Asia Occupational and recreational exposure; insect bites; ingestion; inhalation Vibrio food infection Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Kanagawa phenomenon) Marine shellfish Pacific basin, warm shores of Asia Ingestion   V vulnificus , other noncholera vibrios   Australia, North America Ingestion; wound infection   V cholerae nonagglutinating types Crabs, shrimp, mussels Worldwide except Europe; epidemic in some developing countries Ingestion Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (6 serotypes) Animals and birds Temperate zones Ingestion; recreational exposure   Y enterocolitica (50 serotypes) Domestic animals especially pigs, dogs, cats     RICKETTSIAL DISEASES Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia conorii , Rickettsia spp Dogs, rodents, other animals Europe, Asia, Africa Bite of infected ticks Ehrlichiosis Sennetsu fever Ehrlichia chaffeensis , E sennetsu Deer Rodents USA Japan Ticks Murine typhus Rickettsia typhi ( R mooseri ) and related species Rats, cats, opossums Worldwide Infected rodent fleas, possibly cat fleas North Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis Rickettsia siberica Wild rodents Siberia, Mongolia, China Bite of infected ticks Q fever Coxiella burnetii Sheep, cattle, goats, cats, other mammals Worldwide; common Mainly airborne; exposure to placenta; occasionally ticks and milk Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia australis Bandicoots, rodents Australia Bite of infected Ixodes tick Rickettsial pox Rickettsia akari Mice Eastern USA, Africa, Russia; rare Bite of infected rodent mites, Liponyssoides spp Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii Rabbits, field mice, dogs Western hemisphere Bite of infected ticks or their crushing on the skin of Dermacentor variabilis , D andersoni Scrub typhus Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and related species Rodents “Typhus islands” in Asia, Australia, East Indies Bite of infected larval trombiculid mites Typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Flying squirrels Eastern USA Squirrel fleas or ticks suspected FUNGAL DISEASES Aspergillosis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillus spp Birds and mammals; principally environmental in decaying vegetation or grains Worldwide; sporadic Environmental exposure Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatitidis Dogs, cats, horses, sea mammals; principally environmental in moist soil Worldwide Environmental exposure; also reported by animal exposure Candidiasis (Moniliasis) Candida spp Principally human reservoirs, occasionally by birds and mammals Worldwide Direct contact; often endogenous in man Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides immitis Cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, wild cats, desert rodents, other animals; principally environmental in specific arid foci Southwestern USA, Mexico, Central and South America Environmental exposure Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans Pigeons, mammals; principally environmental Worldwide Environmental exposure, especially pigeon nests Dermatophilosis Dermatophilus congolensis Cattle, horses, deer, sheep, other mammals Worldwide Contact; arthropod vectors Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum Dogs; principally environmental in river valleys Worldwide Environmental exposure Nocardiosis Nocardia asteroides , N brasiliensis, N caviae Cattle, dogs, other mammals, fish; principally environmental in decomposing organic matter Worldwide Environmental exposure Rhinosporidiosis Rhinosporidium seeberi Horses, cattle, mules, dogs, and birds; unidentified environmental reservoirs Worldwide, endemic in South Asia Environmental exposure Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) Microsporum , Trichophyton , and Epidermophyton spp Dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, other animals Worldwide Direct contact with infected animals and fomites Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii Horses, other domestic and laboratory animals, birds; primarily environmental in vegetation (moss) and wood Worldwide Occupational contact, including with animals PARASITIC DISEASES PROTOZOAN DISEASES Babesiosis Babesia microti , B bovis Wild rodents, cattle Worldwide; rare Bites of infected Ixodes ticks   B divergens Cattle, other mammals Europe   Balantidiasis Balantidium coli Swine, rats, nonhuman primates Worldwide; low incidence Ingestion, especially of water Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) Trypanosoma cruzi Dogs, cats, bats, rodents, armadillos, wild and domestic animals Western hemisphere, Texas, Mexico, Central and South America Fecal material of triatoma bug, including Reduviidae (also called cone-nosed, kissing, or assassin bug); contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or mucous membranes Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum Cattle, other animals Worldwide Occupational contact; ingestion; waterborne Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Beavers, porcupines, dogs, other animals Worldwide; common Water and less often food; person to person Leishmaniasis Visceral (Kala-azar) Leishmania donovani and other species Wild canids and dogs Southern Asia, South America, Africa Bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies Cutaneous and mucosal L tropica , L braziliensis complex Canids, marsupials, sloths, wild mammals, rodents     Malaria of nonhuman primates At least 20 species of Plasmodium Monkeys, chimpanzees Tropical Americas, Asia, Africa Anopheline mosquitoes Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii (human strain) Rodents, dogs, cats, cattle (animal strains) Worldwide; common in AIDS patients Environmental exposure Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis) Sarcocystis suihominis Swine Worldwide Ingestion of raw pork   S hominis Cattle   Ingestion of raw beef Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Mammals, especially cats, food animals, birds Worldwide; common Ingestion of oocysts shed in feces of infected cats or found in meat or raw milk Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei , T brucei rhodesiense , T brucei gambiense Wild and domestic dogs, ruminants, hyenas, carnivores Africa; common Bite of infected tsetse fly ( Glossina spp ) TREMATODE (FLUKE) DISEASES Clonorchiasis Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke) Dogs, cats, swine, rats, wild animals Asia Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected freshwater fish Dicrocoeliasis Dicrocoelium dendriticum Ruminants Worldwide Ingestion of infected ants   D hospes Ruminants Africa   Echinostomiasis Echinostoma ilocanum and other Echinostoma spp Cats, dogs, rodents, fish Asia Ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica Cattle, sheep, other large ruminants (eg, water buffalo) Worldwide Ingestion of contaminated greens, eg, watercress   F gigantica   Africa and western Pacific   Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski Swine, dogs Asian pig-raising regions Ingestion of raw tubers and nuts of aquatic plants Gastrodiscoidiasis Gastrodiscoides hominis Swine, rats Asia Snails (metacercariae encyst on plants) Heterophyiasis Heterophyes and other heterophids Cats, dogs, foxes, fish-eating birds Nile delta, Turkey, the Far East Ingestion of undercooked fish Metagonimiasis Metagonimus yokogawai Cats, dogs, other fish-eating mammals, fish Asia, Europe, Siberia Ingestion of undercooked fish Nanophyetiasis Troglotrema salmincola Dogs, fish-eating mammals, fish North America, Siberia Ingestion of undercooked fish Opisthorchiasis Opisthorchis felineus (Cat liver fluke) Cats, dogs, foxes, swine Eastern Europe, Asia, Siberia Ingestion of uncooked fish containing encysted larva   O viverrini (Small liver fluke) Dogs, cats, fish-eating mammals Thailand, Laos Ingestion of undercooked fish containing encysted larva   Amphimerus pseudofelineus Dogs, cats, coyotes, opossums USA, Central and South America Undetermined Paragonimiasis (Lung fluke disease) Paragonimus westermani , P africanus , P mexicanus and other species Dogs, cats, swine, wild carnivores China, India, Burma, Africa, tropical America Ingestion of raw or partially cooked, infected freshwater crustaceans Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) Schistosoma japonicum Cattle, buffalo, swine, dogs, cats, rodents Southeast Asia, China, Philippines Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae larva from infected snails in water   S hematobium People are the only reservoir Africa, the Middle East     S mansoni Baboons, rodents, cattle, dogs Africa, Arabia, tropical America     S mattbeei Cattle Southern Africa     S mekongi Dogs, monkeys Southeast Asia   Swimmer's itch Schistosome cercariae Birds, mammals Worldwide Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae from infected snails in fresh and salt water CESTODE (TAPEWORM) DISEASES Bertielliasis Bertiella studeri , B mucronata Primates, oribatid mites Asia, South America, Africa Ingestion of infected arthropods Coenuriasis Taenia multiceps Definitive hosts of all species are other canids, sheep, other herbivores Worldwide in scattered foci Ingestion of tapeworm eggs in canine feces   T serialis Lagomorphs Africa, Europe, USA; rare     T brauni Wild rodents Africa   Diphyllobothriasis (Fish tapeworm infection) Diphyllobothrium latum ( Dibothriocephalus latus ) , Diphyllobothrium pacificum Man, dogs, bears, fish-eating animals, freshwater fish Worldwide Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected fish Dipylidiasis (Dog tapeworm infection) Dipylidium caninum Dogs, cats, fleas Worldwide Ingestion of dog or cat fleas Echinococcosis Echinococcus granulosus Dogs, sheep, cattle, swine, rodents, deer Worldwide Ingestion of tapeworm eggs   E multilocularis Foxes, microtine rodents, coyotes, dogs, wolves, cats, voles, lemmings, shrews Alaska, Canada, Asia, Europe Ingestion of tapeworm eggs   E vogeli Bush and hunting dogs, agouti, pacas, spiny rats Central and South America Ingestion of tapeworm eggs Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf tapeworm infection) Hymenolepis nana Man, rodents Worldwide Ingestion of tapeworm eggs or infected insects Inermicapsifer infection Inermicapsifer madagascariensis Rodents Africa, southeast Asia, tropical America Ingestion of infected arthropods Mouse or rat tapeworm Hymenolepis nana , H diminuta Rats, mice Worldwide Ingestion of cysticercoids in fleas, mealworms, etc, in food Pork tapeworm disease Taenia solium Swine, man Worldwide where swine are reared (rare in USA, Canada, UK, Scandinavia) Ingestion of undercooked pork containing Cysticercus cellulosae ; direct or autogenous transmission of T solium ova in man may lead to cysticercosis Asian taeniasis Taenia saginata taiwanensis Domestic and wild pigs, cattle, monkeys East and southeast Asia Ingestion of undercooked meat Raillietina infection Raillietina spp Birds, mammals Tropical America, east Asia, Australia, Africa Ingestion of infected arthropods Sparganosis Spirometra spp (pseudophyllidean tapeworms, second larval stage) Monkeys, cats, pigs, dogs, weasels, rats, chickens, snakes, frogs, mice Worldwide; common Ingestion of infected cyclops or raw infected animal flesh Taeniasis (Beef tapeworm disease) and Cysticercosis Taenia saginata Cattle, water buffalo Worldwide Ingestion of undercooked meat containing Cysticercus bovis NEMATODES (WORM) DISEASES Angiostrongyliasis (Visceral larva migrans) Angiostrongylus costaricensis Cotton rats, slugs Central and South America, USA, east and southeast Asia Ingestion of slugs or plants contaminated by their secretions   A cantonensis Rats, snails, slugs     Anisakiasis (Visceral larva migrans) Larvae of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova spp Marine invertebrates, fish, mammals Japan, Scandinavia, western South America, western Europe, USA Ingestion of undercooked marine fish, squid, octopus Capillariasis         Hepatic capillariasis Capillaria hepatica Rodents, other wild and domestic animals Worldwide in scattered foci Ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil Intestinal capillariasis C philippinensis Aquatic birds, freshwater fish Northern Philippines, Thailand, east Asia, and Egypt Ingestion of infected fish Pulmonary capillariasis C aerophila Dogs, cats, other carnivores Worldwide Ingestion of infective eggs in soil or contaminated food Dioctophymosis (Giant kidney worm infection) Dioctophyma renale Dogs, mink, other carnivores, frogs Europe, Asia, North and South America; rare Ingestion of infected fish or frog's liver and mesentery Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm infection) Dracunculus medinensis Man Asia and Africa; common Ingestion of infected cyclops in water   D insignis Raccoons, mink, dogs North America Ingestion of frogs and other paratenic hosts Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria immitis Dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, mosquitoes Worldwide Bites of infected mosquitoes Malayan filariasis Brugia malayi Cats, other carnivores, monkeys, mosquitoes Asia; common Bites of infected mosquitoes Tropical eosinophilia Brugia pahangi       Gnathostomiasis Gnathostoma spinigerum Dogs, cats, wild carnivores, copepods, freshwater fish East Asia, India, Australia Ingestion of infected fish or poultry Gongylonemiasis Gongylonema pulchrum Ruminants, domestic and wild swine, other mammals; beetles Worldwide; rare Ingestion of infected arthropods Larva migrans, cutaneous (See also gnathostomiasis, above.) Ancylostoma braziliense , A caninum Cats, dogs, wild carnivores Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin   Strongyloides stercoralis Cats, dogs, sheep, swine, etc Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; rare to common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin Larva migrans, visceral (See also angiostrongyliasis and anisakiasis, above.) Toxocara canis and T cati Dogs, cats Worldwide Ingestion of embryonated eggs shed in feces of dogs and cats   Baylisascaris procyonis Raccoons North America, Europe Ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil Oesophagostomiasis Ternidensiasis Oesophagostomum spp Ternidens diminutus Primates Asia, Africa, South America Ingestion of infective larvae in soil Strongyloidiasis Strongyloides stercoralis , S fuelleborni Dogs, cats, foxes, primates Worldwide; rare to common Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin Thelaziasis Thelazia spp Dogs, cats, other domestic and wild animals, flies East and south Asia; rare Infected insects Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Trichinella spiralis and subspecies Swine, rodents, bears, wild carnivores, marine mammals Worldwide, especially subarctic region Ingestion of either pork or flesh of wild animals that contains viable cysts Trichostrongyliasis Trichostrongylus spp Cattle, sheep, wild ruminants Worldwide Ingestion of infective larvae on plant foods or in soil Trichuriasis (Whipworm infection) Trichuris trichiura and other Trichuris spp Man, other primates, domestic and wild canids, swine Worldwide; common Ingestion of embryonated eggs on plant foods or in soil ACANTHOCEPHALIASIS Macracanthorhynchosis Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus and other spp Domestic and wild pigs, squirrels, muskrats, arctic foxes, dogs, sea otters, crustaceans, fish Worldwide; uncommon Ingestion of infected beetles ANNELID (LEECH) DISEASES Hirudiniasis Limnatis nilotica and other leeches Cattle, buffalo, horses, sheep, dogs, pigs Africa, Asia, Europe, Chile Direct contact with leeches ARTHROPOD DISEASES Acariasis (Mange) Mites of Sarcoptes , Cheyletiella , Dermanyssus , and Ornithonyssus spp Domestic animals Worldwide Contact with infected individuals or animals; contaminated clothing Myiasis Cochliomyia hominivorax (Screwworm) Mammals America Invasion of living tissues by larvae   Chrysomyia bezziana   Asia, Africa     Cordylobia anthropophaga (Tumbu fly)   Africa     Cuterebra spp   North America     Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)   South America, Mexico     Gasterophilus spp (equine botfly)   Worldwide     Hypoderma lineatum   North America, Europe     Hypoderma bovis (warbles)   Asia, North Africa     Oestrus ovis , Rhinoestrus purpurensis   Worldwide     Wohlfahrtia spp   North America, Europe, north Africa, Asia   Pentastomid infections Linguatula serrata , Armillifer spp (Tongue worms) Dogs, snakes, other vertebrates Northern hemisphere Worldwide Ingestion of infected animal tissues Tick paralysis Envenomization of ticks Dermacentor andersoni , D variabilis and sometimes Ixodes , Haemaphysalis , Rhinocephalus , and Argas spp Various animals North America, Australia, South Africa, Ethiopia Direct contact (attachment) with tick Tunga infections Tunga penetrans (Sand fleas, jiggers) Man, dogs, pigs, other mammals Subtropical Africa, Americas, south Asia Contact with contaminated soil VIRAL DISEASES African hemorrhagic fever Marburg and Ebola viruses African green monkeys Central and southern Africa Contact with infected tissues Filovirus infections Ebola-related Filoviruses Cynomolgus monkeys Southeast Asia Person to person Argentinean hemorrhagic fever Junin virus (arenavirus) Rodents Argentina Rodent excretions and secretions Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Machupo virus (arenavirus) Rodents Bolivia Rodent excretions Brazilian hemorrhagic fever Sabiá virus (arenavirus) Rodents are suspected Brazil Rodent excretions suspected; other aerosols California group infections LaCross encephalitis California group of bunyaviruses Ground squirrels, other rodents USA, Canada Bites of mosquitoes ( Aedes spp ) Tahyna fever   Hares, rodents, other mammals Europe, Africa   Central European tick-borne encephalitis Central European encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Rodents, hedgehogs, birds, goats, sheep Europe Bites of Ixodes ticks; may be milk-borne Colorado tick fever Colorado tick fever virus Ground squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines, small rodents Western USA; common Bites of ticks ( Dermacentor andersoni ) Contagious ecthyma (Orf) Orf virus (parapox) Sheep, goats, wild ruminants Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Cowpox Cowpox virus Cattle, rodents, cats, zoo cats Worldwide; rare, no recent cases Contact exposure Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (bunyavirus) Cattle, rodents, sheep, goats, hares, birds Southern Russia, eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia Bites of ticks ( Hyalomma and Boophilus spp ) Eastern equine encephalomyelitis EEE virus (alphavirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys Western hemisphere Mosquitoes ( Culiseta melanura and Aedes spp ) Encephalomyocarditis Encephalomyocarditis virus (picornavirus) Rats, mice, squirrels, swine, nonhuman primates Worldwide Environmental contamination Far eastern tick-borne encephalitis (Russian spring-summer encephalitis) Far eastern (Russian spring-summer encephalitis) virus (flavivirus) Birds, small mammals, sheep Asia, Europe; rare Bites of ticks ( Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus ) Foot-and-mouth disease Foot-and-mouth disease virus (aphthovirus types A, O, C, SAT, and Asia) Cattle, swine, related cloven-hoofed animals Europe, Asia, Africa, South America Contact exposure; people quite resistant but can be carriers Hantaviral diseases Hantaviruses (bunyavirus) Rodents Worldwide Aerosols from rodent excretions and secretions Hantaviral pulmonary syndrome Sin Nombre virus Black Creek Canal virus Peromyscus spp , Sigmodon hispidus USA, may be more widespread   Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Korean hemorrhagic fever) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (Hantaan virus) Apodemus spp China, Siberia, Korea, Manchuria, Japan   Other hantaviral diseases Dobrava virus Pnumala virus Seoul virus Apodemus spp , Clethrionomys spp , Rattus spp Balkan countries Europe Worldwide   Simian herpes B virus disease Simian B virus Old World monkeys; cell cultures Worldwide; rare Bites of monkeys; occupational exposure Influenza including type A (swine and equine) Influenza virus (myxovirus) Swine, ducks Worldwide; common Contact exposure; animals rarely a source Japanese B encephalitis Japanese encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Swine, wild birds, horses Asia, Pacific Islands from Japan to the Philippines Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex tritaeniorhynchus , other Culex spp ) Kyasanur forest disease Kyasanur forest virus (flavivirus) Rodents, monkeys India Bites of ticks ( Haemaphysalis spinigera ) Lassa fever Lassa virus (arenavirus) Wild rodents Africa Rodent excretions and secretions; contact in hospitals and laboratories Louping ill Louping ill virus (flavivirus) Sheep, goats, grouse, small rodents Great Britain, Northern Ireland; rare Bites of ticks ( Ixodes ricinus ) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus) House mice, dogs, monkeys, guinea pigs, hamsters Worldwide Host excretions and secretions Milker's nodules (Pseudocowpox) Pseudocowpox virus (parapoxvirus) Cattle Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Monkeypox Monkeypox virus Nonhuman primates West Africa; very rare Contact; aerosols Murray Valley encephalitis Murray Valley encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Wild birds Australia, New Guinea; rare Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex annulirostris ) Newcastle disease Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxovirus) Fowl, wild birds Worldwide; common Occupational exposure Omsk hemorrhagic fever Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (flavivirus) Rodents, muskrats Omsk, Siberia; rare Bites of ticks ( Dermacentor spp ) Rabies and rabies-related infections Lyssaencephalitis Lyssaviruses Rabies virus Duvenhage virus Mokola virus Ibadan shrew virus Obodhiang virus Wild and domestic canids, mustelidae, viverridae, vampire and insectivorous bats Worldwide except Australia, New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Scandinavia, Japan, Taiwan; many smaller islands are also free, including Hawaii Bites of diseased animals; aerosols in closed environments Rift Valley fever Rift Valley fever virus (phlebovirus) Sheep, goats, cattle, camels Africa; common to rare Bites of mosquitoes ( Aedes spp ); contact on necropsy or handling fresh meat St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis virus (flavivirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl Western hemisphere Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex tarsalis , C pipiens-quinquefasciatus complex, C nigripalpus ) Sindbis virus disease Sindbis virus (alphavirus) Birds Eastern hemisphere; rare Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex spp ) Ross River fever Ross River virus (alphavirus) Undetermined Australia, South Pacific Islands Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex annulirostris and Aedes spp ) Tanapox Tanapox virus Asian and African monkeys Asia, Africa, and in colonies of monkeys Contact; aerosols Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Gnanarito virus (arenavirus) Rodents Venezuela Rodent excretions Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEE virus (alphavirus) Rodents, equids Western hemisphere; common Bites of mosquitoes ( Monsonia , Aedes , Culex spp ) Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana and New Jersey strains) Swine, cattle, horses, bats, rodents, other wild mammals North and South America Contact exposure and insect bites, including mosquitoes and biting flies ( Phlebotomus spp ) Wesselsbron fever Wesselsbron virus (flavivirus) Sheep Southern Africa, southeast Asia Bites of mosquitoes ( Aedes , Mansonia , Culex spp ) West Nile fever West Nile virus (flavivirus) Wild birds, horses Eastern hemisphere; common Bites of mosquitoes ( Culex univittatus , C pipiens , C modestus ) Western equine encephalomyelitis WEE virus (alphavirus) Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys, bats, reptiles, amphibians Western and central USA, Canada, South America Mosquitoes ( Culex tarsalis in USA, other Culex and Aedes spp outside USA) Yabapox Yabapox virus African monkeys Africa; rare Contact; aerosols Yellow fever Yellow fever virus (flavivirus) Monkeys, baboons Tropical America, Africa; sporadic Bites of mosquitoes ( Aedes aegypti in urban cycles, Haemagogus spp in jungle cycles in South America, Aedes spp in jungle cycles in Africa)

 

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